Treatment of closed-angle glaucoma is a medical emergency. ![]() A number of types of glaucoma surgeries may be used in people who do not respond sufficiently to other measures. Laser treatments may be effective in both open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma. A number of different classes of glaucoma medication are available. The goal of these treatments is to decrease eye pressure. If treated early, it is possible to slow or stop the progression of disease with medication, laser treatment, or surgery. Often, the optic nerve shows an abnormal amount of cupping. Diagnosis is achieved by performing a dilated eye examination. The mechanism of open-angle glaucoma is believed to be the slow exit of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork, while in closed-angle glaucoma the iris blocks the trabecular meshwork. Conversely, optic nerve damage may occur with normal pressure, known as normal-tension glaucoma. However, some may have high eye pressure for years and never develop damage. For eye pressures, a value of 21 mmHg or 2.8 kPa above atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg) is often used, with higher pressures leading to a greater risk. Risk factors for glaucoma include increasing age, high pressure in the eye, a family history of glaucoma, and use of steroid medication. Eyes affected by glaucoma are referred to as being glaucomatous. Vision loss from glaucoma, once it has occurred, is permanent. The sudden presentation may involve severe eye pain, blurred vision, mid-dilated pupil, redness of the eye, and nausea. Closed-angle glaucoma can present gradually or suddenly. ![]() Peripheral vision may begin to decrease, followed by central vision, resulting in blindness if not treated. Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly over time and there is no pain. The most common type is open-angle (wide angle, chronic simple) glaucoma, in which the drainage angle for fluid within the eye remains open, with less common types including closed-angle (narrow angle, acute congestive) glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma. Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that result in damage to the optic nerve (or retina ) and cause vision loss. Uveitis, trauma, keratitis, conjunctivitis ![]() Increased pressure in the eye, family history, high blood pressure
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